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Each SPF record begins with a version number; the current SPF version with "v=spf1".
An unlimited number of expressions follow, which are evaluated in the order from front to back. Most of the expressions are so-called directives, which define the authorization of the sender, and consist of an optional qualifier and a so-called mechanism, which results in either a hit or no hit for a given situation (IP address). The first mechanism, which represents a hit, determines the result of the entire evaluation of the SPF record.
.| Q. | Result code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| + | Pass | the directive defines authorised transmitters; this is the standard, i.e. if no qualifier is specified, + is assumed |
| - | Fail | the directive defines unauthorised channels |
| ~ | SoftFail | the directive defines unauthorized transmitters, but the receiver should treat this failure generously; this qualifier is intended for testing purposes |
| ? | Neutral | the directive defines channels about whose legitimacy nothing should be said; the channel must be accepted |
| Mech. | Directive applies when - |
|---|---|
| all | always |
| a | an A (or AAAA) record of the queried (or explicitly specified) domain contains the IP address of the sender |
| mx | an MX record of the queried (or explicitly specified) domain contains the IP address of the sender |
| ip4 | the specified IPv4 address is the IP address of the sender or the specified IPv4 subnet contains it |
| ip6 | the specified IPv6 address is the IP address of the sender or the specified IPv6 subnet contains it |
| redirect | IP address of the sender is legitimized by the SPF record of another domain |
| include | An additional SPF request for the domain specified in the include statement contains the IP address of the sender |
| exists | IP address of the sender based on the connection of the client or other criteria according to (RFC7208 ) was authorized |
An overview of all allowed expressions is given on the subpage SPF Mechanisms of the SPF website
$ host -t TXT gmx.de
gmx.de text "v=spf1 ip4:213.165.64.0/23 -all"
The company GMX therefore specifies that all servers in the network range from 213.165.64.0 to 213.165.65.254 may send e-mails from the domain gmx.de. According to this SPF record, all other servers are not authorized to use this domain in the envelope sender address.